Friday, June 10, 2011

Life in himself


For as the Father has life in himself, so he has granted the Son also to have life in himself (Jn 5:26)

This verse is often cited to establish the ontological subordination of the Son to the Father, according to which the Father is the fons deitas. However, “in himself” doesn’t carry that connotation in Johannine usage, and the “life” in question is hardly synonymous with the divine essence. As one commentator explains:

The form of Jesus’ next pronouncement echoes that of verse 21: “For just as the Father has life in himself, so too he gave to the Son to have life in himself” (italics added). What does it mean to “have life,” and what does it mean to have it “in himself”?…“In himself” [en heauto] adds little to this and should not be overinterpreted…To have “life in oneself” is not something only the Father and the Son share, but something believers can claim as well. Those who “eat the flesh of the Son of man” can be said either to “have life in themselves” [echete zoen en heautois] (6:53), or simply to “have eternal life” (v54). The two expressions mean the same thing: eternal life is theirs as an assured present possession, and that is all Jesus is saying here about himself and the Father.

J. R. Michaels, The Gospel of John (Eerdmans 2010), 318. 

Thursday, June 09, 2011

Revolution in Rome




L'Osservatore Romano
Jun 8, 2012

It’s been a year since the Vatican came under new management. Readers will remember the precipitating event, when Catholic Answers elevated John Bugay to the Pontificate.

As a golden parachute, Pope Bugay offered Benedict XVI the Archdiocese of Detroit. However, that offer hit a snag when Dave Armstrong said Metropolitan Detroit wasn’t big enough for him and the pope.

But Benedict XVI cut a backroom deal with Armstrong in which he offered customers a plenary indulgence for every hot tub they bought from Armstrong.

Gerry Matatics declared Bugay to be the anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-Pope, which–if you didn’t lose count of the double negatives–made Bugay the true successor to St. Peter.

Matatics pledged all of his supporters (consisting of his wife, mother-in-law, 4-year-old son, and two third-cousins) to the new regime in Rome.

There was a personnel shakeup at the Vatican City after Pope Bugay took the reins. Robert Sungenis asked the Holy Father to make him astronomer of the Vatican Observatory, where he hoped to reinstate Dantean geology and cosmology, but Peter Pike had already been offered the top slot at the Vatican Observatory.

Sungenis then asked to be appointed to the Commission for religious relations with the Jews, but that post had already been promised to Alan Kurschner.

Rhology became Cardinal Archivist of the Vatican Library, while Turretinfan took over as Cardinal Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith

In other appointments, Jason Engwer chaired the Pontifical Biblical Commission, Bernabe Belvedere chaired the Pontifical Commission for Latin America, Evan May chaired the Pontifical Commission for Sacred Archeology, Matthew Schultz chaired the International Theological Commission, and Dustin chaired the Pontifical Council for Promoting New Evangelization–while Paul Manata headed the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem.

Patrick Chan presided over the Pontifical Academy of Sciences–when he wasn’t moonlighting as a concierge physician in the Hamptons.

For his part, Matthew Bellisario was made commandant of the Swiss Guard–because he looked so darn cute in the pleated gorget, white gloves and pale grey metal morion with the ostrich-feather plume.

In his capacity as Curator of the Vatican Secret Archives, James Swan discovered a long lost letter from Leo X to Luther, in which Leo admitted that Exsurge Domine was all a big misunderstanding, and preemptively excommunicated anyone who denied sola Scriptura or sola fide.  

In other news, Steve Hays retired to the Maldives to write his memoirs.

Habemus Papam!

L'Osservatore Romano
Jun 8, 2011

In a surprising turn of events, Catholic Answers let slip its conclavist sympathies when it elevated John Bugay to the papacy.

Re: How not to do apologetics - curtesy of John Bugay and the Triablogue
John is not an historian. He is a fisherman.


The Fisherman's ring is placed, by the cardinal camerlengo on the finger of a newly elected pope. It is made of gold, with a representation of St. Peter in a boat, fishing, and the name of the reigning pope around it.


In a press release, Karl Keating made it official:

Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum:
Habemus Papam!
Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum,
Dominum Johannes,
Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ Cardinalem Bugay,
Qui sibi nomen imposuit Petrus II. 

Neo-Marcionites

When writers like Randal Rauser and Roger Olson deny that God ever commanded the execution of the Canaanites on the grounds that such a God would be evil, and when they contrast that with Jesus, what they’re doing is to repristinate the Marcionite heresy. There’s the evil God of the OT, exemplified by Yahweh, then there’s the good God of the NT, exemplified by Jesus.

At this point, writers like Rauser and Olson forfeit any claim to be Christian. They don’t believe in the OT God. They find the OT God morally repugnant. And this is despite the fact that Jesus and the NT writers treat the OT God as the one true God. The God of the OT is the God of the NT.

Writers like Rauser and Olson don’t believe what Jesus believed. They don’t believe what other NT authors believed.

They come to Scripture with a preconception of what God, if there is a God, must be like. When they don’t find what they’re looking for in the Bible, when they encounter depictions that challenge their preconceptions, they revile and deny the offending depictions. 

"Rationalizing Genocide"

Noam Chomsky has observed: “Among the most elementary of moral truisms is the principle of universality: we must apply to ourselves the same standards we do to others, if not more stringent ones...”
The alleged rationale for the Canaanite genocide fails the criterion of extraordinary exceptions, for what could be more extraordinarily exceptional than the claim that one has a special license to bludgeon babies? But it also fails the criterion of common origin as becomes evident when we consider the typical elements in the narratives that are always invoked to justify genocide. There are commonly three elements in such justifications: (1) divide: first you distinguish between an in-group and out-group while attributing a superior authority or ontological status to the former; (2) demonize: next you accuse the out-group of promoting an injustice, inequality, or threat over against the in-group; (3) destroy: finally, you implore the in-group to redress the injustice, often with a divine or transcendent imprimatur.


An obvious flaw in Rauser’s analysis is that, as a matter of fact, the “in-group” (i.e. Israelites) were not exempt from the same liabilities while, on the other hand, the “out-group” (i.e. Canaanites) were sometimes exempted. As one scholar points out to the contrary:

The Israelites are to purge the land of anything that might cause them to sin against God. This, however, ought not to be interpreted as being directed only against the foreign nations living in Canaan; the same attitude was to be adopted towards fellow-Israelites (Deut 13:1-18; 18:9-22; cf. Exod 22:20)
…It is noteworthy that the book of Joshua gives special attention to those non-Israelites who do not come under the herem. For assisting the Israelite spies to escape from Jericho, Rahab and her family are rescued when the city and its inhabitants are destroyed (Josh 2:1-24; 6:25)…Interestingly, the book of Joshua contrasts the non-destruction of these groups with the destruction that befalls the Israelite family of Achan (Josh 7:1-26).
…we should not lose sight of the fact that the Israelites themselves eventually suffer a similar fate at the hands of the Assyrians and Babylonians. So Yahweh can hardly be accused of adopting double standards.

T. D. Alexander, “Beyond borders: the wider dimensions of land,” P. Johnston & P. Walker, eds. The Land of Promise (IVP 2000), 47-48.

"The Dispensational-Covenantal Rift"

http://bibchr.blogspot.com/2010/03/book-review-dispensational-covenantal.html

Comparative credentials

EDWARD T. BABINSKI SAID:

Do you honestly believe that one Young Earth creationist ancient historian, Noel Weeks, who writes for ‘Answers in Genesis’ is on par with the scholars I mentioned in my blog reply (and in my chapter) whose specialties are ANE cosmologies?

Let’s see. Ed cites no fewer than six different writings by Paul Seely in TCD. Yet as Peter Enns, who’s sympathetic to Seely, points out:

One reason for this, I suspect, is that Seely is not a professional academic with a recognized teaching post. He is a seminary graduate (Westminster Theological Seminary, 1968, B.D.) who has taken upon himself a life of continued self-education, part of which includes a patient reading of the entire Christian Bible in the original languages along with secondary sources. Absence of doctoral work at a research university cannot easily be overcome…


Compare that to the credentials of Noel Weeks:

Dr Noel Weeks earned a B.Sc. (Honors in Zoology) from the University of New England, Armidale (Australia), a B.D. and Th.M. from Westminster Theological Seminary, and a Ph.D. (Mediterranean Studies, dealing with some of the Nuzi texts) from Brandeis University, Massachusetts. He is a Senior Lecturer in Ancient History at the University of Sydney, and is an Associate of their Department of Classics and Ancient History, with an interest in the Ancient Near East, specializing in Mesopotamia and Israel, and the Akkadian Language.


So if we measure Paul Seely and Noel Weeks by Ed’s own yardstick, guess which one comes up short?

Ed tries to play the credentials card to dodge having to engage the arguments of Noel Weeks. Having lost the bet, will Ed now engage the argument?

God's Canon redux

In a new format:

http://www.monergism.com/thethreshold/articles/onsite/godscanon.html

History and Faith

This is from George Eldon Ladd, “A Theology of the New Testament”, Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Revised Edition © 1993, pgs 177-178:
Our conclusions [“there is good reason to accept the gospel portrait as basically sound” historical accounts] raise the question of the relationship between history and faith. Does historical and critical study prove the transcendence of Jesus? How can faith really be faith if it is established by historical and critical findings? Bultmann is the outstanding advocate of the position that faith must be faith in the Word of God alone. If faith rests upon historical verification, it is no longer authentic faith but is reduced to good works — of the historian.

However, it has not been our purpose to verify faith by critical findings. Our purpose has been to try to discover the historical situation in which Jesus taught and lived, for it is the first task of biblical theology to be a descriptive discipline. It is difficult to agree with Jeremias that the final result of critical study of the historical Jesus is “always the same: we find ourselves confronted with God himself.” History does not necessarily lead to God. A rationalistic orthodoxy could give intellectual assent to the findings of the present study and not be confronted by God. Theology and history are intellectual pursuits; faith is commitment of the whole person. The historian might possibly conclude that Jesus claimed to be the incarnate Son of Man, the unique Son of God, and yet laugh at his claims. History is studded with those possessed of a Messiah complex. Faith is a second step to historical research and is not necessarily demanded by it.

While history does not prove the validity of my faith, history is essential to true faith — at least to the individual who is concerned about history. Most people come to faith in response to the proclaimed Word of God without critically testing the historicity of the events that Word proclaims. But when one has believed the Word and then becomes aware of history, if he or she is compelled to conclude that the alleged events are unhistorical, it is difficult to see how faith can sustain itself. In this sense we agree with Moule: “Neither is blind faith real faith. For belief it is necessary to see — at least something. The decision to accept Jesus as Lord cannot be made without historical evidence — yes, historical — about Jesus. If it were a decision without any historical evidence it would not be about Jesus (a historical person) but only about an ideology or an ideal.”

If the construct “the historical Jesus” is the product of philosophical presuppositions about the nature of history, is not the construct “the biblical Christ” the product of faith? The answer is No. the biblical portrait of Christ is the product of the apostolic biblical witness. My faith does not create that construct but my faith that the nature of God and history has room for such a Jesus as the Gospels picture makes it possible for me to accept the biblical witness. For the person aware of history, history must provide an adequate foundation for faith. But in the last analysis, faith comes by hearing, and hearing by the Word of God (Romans 10:17)
If you take the phrase “the historical Jesus” and then you look at how “the biblical portrait of Christ is the product of the apostolic biblical witness. There is a real Jesus Christ there in whom to have faith. The real Jesus is not the product of a philosophical presupposition.

On the contrary, Roman Catholicism, having looked at its own history of the papacy, has discovered that for the years 33-155 ad (or somewhere thereabouts) there is no one there “in whom to have faith”.

Wednesday, June 08, 2011

The Economy Is Worse Than You Think

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303657404576363984173620692.html?mod=WSJ_Opinion_LEADTop#printMode

Manning up or wimping out?

If and when temptations come to turn our backs on Jesus and/or turn to some other religion, philosophy or world view, others have the right and responsibility to ask us, “Are you a person of your word?  Are you a promise keeper?  You made a sacred oath; are you the kind of person that can be trusted even when the hard times come to be faithful to your covenants?”

When one studies church history and sees what Christians have endured for their faith, even to the point of martyrdom, and what many still endure in our world today, the reasons pampered Westerners give for reneging on their baptismal vows are just plain pathetic in comparison.  “The church hurt me.”  “God didn’t give me the kind of life I was counting on.”  “I just didn’t feel him nearby for the longest time.”  “Skeptics gave me arguments that I couldn’t answer.”  And so on, ad nauseum.  As if no one in other times and places ever had these kinds of experiences before but remained faithful nevertheless.

A strange expression recurs on websites that describe people’s “deconversion” from Christianity, particularly to atheism.  Over and over I’ve read that so-and-so “manned up” and faced the facts.  For one thing this is astonishingly sexist.  Worse still, it’s exactly the opposite of what it really means.  People actually “wimped out” when the going got tough.  They reneged on their promises instead of showing their true grit.  Remind me never to trust such people with anything I couldn’t bear to lose.  If they can’t be faithful to the commitment that is the most important one anyone could ever make now or for eternity, why should I trust their word in any less significant context?

We are home from the hospital

The blood count is up to about 9.2. (Had been 5.7). Thanks for your prayers.

Heliotropism

Some flowers are heliotropic. According to evolutionary psychology, this reflects a telltale throwback to their primitive Darwinian origins. Natural selection fostered a geocentric outlook in sunflowers, arctic poppies, snow buttercups, and other faith-based flora. Unfortunately, solar-tracking plants haven’t outgrown their backward, superstitious faith in the motion of the sun across the solid dome of a stationary earth.

Sam Harris, Richard Dawkins, and Christopher Hitchens have condemned heliotropism as a dangerous delusion. They are calling for reeducation camps where heliotropic flowers will be quarantined from the general population. 

Bad boys

The popular media tends to focus on the failings of men. Men addicted to internet porn. Men with roving eyes. Couch potatoes. Men who don’t communicate their feelings. Men who only love women for their bodies. And so on and so forth.

Weinergate plays into a familiar narrative. However, Weinergate draws attention, not only to the familiar narrative of the cad, but the equally familiar narrative of the woman who stands by her man.

Not only do many men need to reexamine their priorities, but a certain percentage of women (I can’t put a figure on it) need to reexamine their priorities as well.

For it’s not just a male problem. Yes, some men are creeps. But you also have decent men who are passed over because some women don’t value decent men.

There are variations on this formula. There’s the familiar narrative of moth-like women who are irresistibly drawn to the flickering flame of the bad boy:


On a related note, you have women who marry up. The babe who marries the aging tycoon.

But you also have the phenomenon of women who don’t need to marry up. Rather, they can’t bring themselves to marry down. 


Why did Maria Callas or Jackie Kennedy throw themselves at Aristotle Onassis? What did Ann Counter see in Bob Guccione, Jr.? What did Laura Ingraham see in Robert Torricelli?  

There are also studies which indicate women (at least some women) can be just a shallow as the stereotypical man in sizing up the opposite sex:


What’s the average guy supposed to think of this? The ordinary, decent, devoted, hardworking, conscientious schlump who’s looking for a mate, but doesn’t have movie star good looks, a dangerous streak, or the seven-digit income?  

Nick Needham on Roman Catholicism Today 4: The Nouvelle Theologie Opens the Door to Modernism

Here are links to the first three parts of this series:

Nick Needham on Roman Catholicism Today, Part 1: “New Territory” (6:50)
Nick Needham on Roman Catholicism Today, Part 2: “The Advent of Modernism” (15:55)
Nick Needham on Roman Catholicism Today, Part 3: “John Henry Newman” (21:42)

Again, I’m continuing to post these, even though the audio version is available, because not everyone will have an hour to listen to it. (There are links to the audio and an outline in the first part of this series.) Needham’s lecture provides an excellent overview of the way that Roman Catholicism adopted liberalism into the heart of its structures at Vatican II.
Now Newman didn’t write his Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine to justify modernism, but his ideas on how Christianity has changed and developed through the centuries were eventually to give comfort and inspiration to those Roman Catholics who wanted to reject the rigid theology of neo-Thomism, and instead promote modernist thinking. If Newman was right, and Christian doctrine had undergone this long process of development, then why should the church canonize the doctrine of one limited time period, the time of Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century? Could things not develop still further? Could modernist thinking not be the development needed to meet the challenges of the 19th and 20th centuries? (21:42)

Now the official condemnation of modernism, by Pope Pius X in 1907, and the entrenchment of neo-Thomism in the official theological training of Roman Catholic priests, did not entirely halt the spread of modernist ideas. And after the first World War, a new generation of Roman Catholic thinkers emerged, who began to grapple again with the same sorts of ideas which had been condemned in 1907. Among this new generation, outstanding figures included the German theologian Karl Rahner (1904-1984), the Swiss Hans Us von Balthasar (1905-1988), and the French thinker, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955), Henri de Lubac (1896-1991), and Yves Congar (1904-1995). (22:46)

The activities of such men gave rise to a broad school of thought known as the nouvelle theologie, “the new theology”. The movement is also known as ressourcement, which has the idea of “going back to the original sources and making them live again”, the sources being the Bible and the early church fathers. In fact, ressourcement was the name preferred by the practitioners of this school of thought. It was their neo-Thomist enemies who called it nouvelle theologie, “new theology”, meaning a novel, unheard-of theology, an invention never before seen. But nouvelle theologie was the name that stuck. (23:35)

Now the goal of these theologians was a reformation of the whole approach to theology in Roman Catholicism. In particular, they questioned three things:

1. the reigning orthodoxy of neo-Thomist scholastic theology;
2. the negative, defensive attitude of their religious communion toward modern civilization; and
3. its negative, defensive attitude towards other faiths, including both other forms of Christianity, and non-Christian religions. (24:14)

The nouvelle theologie thinkers tried to correct these errors, as they considered them, by exposing Roman Catholic theology to the liberating influences of the Bible and the early church fathers. However, what this often really meant, it must be said, was, the Bible, and the fathers, as interpreted by the nouvelle theologie. Together with this, they also advocated and practiced a broad openness to dialogue with the modern world, especially on matters of religion. Other aspects of the nouvelle theologie were a fresh interest in art, literature, and mysticism. (24:57)

Essentially, what the nouvelle theologie was seeking to do was free Roman Catholics from the strait jacket of neo-Thomist orthodoxy by making all theology relative rather than absolute. The Truth revealed by God, they argued, was not a set of ideas, but a person, Jesus Christ. Ideas were a human response to Christ, and these ideas were always inadequate, always caught up in the flocks of time and culture. There were different theologies held by different people at different times in the rich, diverse history of the church. Therefore, no one single theology, such as Thomism, could be canonized, and made absolute. (25:50)

Rather, theologians ought to engage with the different historical varieties of theology, and find tools there to construct a positive response to present-day challenges. Well, here were many of the themes of late 19th century modernism, in a new dress. This criticism was expressed in the encyclical, Humani Generis, of Pope Pius XII, issued in 1950. (26:20)

However, as Reformed theologian David Wells said, the encyclical was so mild its wording, it can hardly even be seen as a rebuke. The work of the new theologians was not imperiled, still less consigned to the graveyard of heresy. After a further decade of study, their conclusions seemed sufficiently safe and fruitful to be given papal approval. (26:48)

The opportunity for the nouvelle theologie to change the official face of Roman Catholicism came with the election of a new pope on October 28, 1958. His personal name was Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli. He took the papal name John XXIII. Unlike his predecessor, Pius XII, the new pope, although already an old man, was susceptible to the modernizing agenda of the nouvelle theologie. (27:20)

Sense & sensibility

Former Christian turned atheist Byron said:
All we have to determine truth about the external world in a naturalistic perspective are the five physical senses and our ability to reason. Our five senses along with our reason cannot operate perfectly, or without limitation, yet this does not invalidate their use in ordinary life, and for the pursuit of science. And this is where group accountability comes in, because on more important matters, we make reference not only to our own ability to gather and analyze data, but also to others collectively, whose agreement in oversight lends our own views some additional authority. It is not a mistake, therefore to ask for some material proof or evidence to consider objectively, especially such as can be reviewed analytically and critiqued by multiple observers.

Because God is by the definition I learned omniscient and omnipotent, God is also fully knowledgeable and capable of presenting sufficient and overwhelming evidence to convince all those He targets to do so, at least in the material world. It is not an unreasonable expectation, at least in the context of naturalism, to expect such a divine response if God truly wishes for one to believe. Although God is also by definition supernatural, then the reasonable expectation of believers is that God would prefer supernatural as opposed to natural means to reveal Himself.

If God operates in the supernatural realm alone, then I cannot place any limits or bound His operation by any desires I have, especially in seeking revelation of Himself. So unless God chooses to reveal Himself supernaturally or naturally (I suspect you could say the Scriptural revelations are combinations of both) to the believer, then God cannot be known. I also cannot deny the charge of Romans 1 if that is the case, because God has left behind some evidence in nature of His supernatural existence and operation. But the problem with that is, I cannot be shown by the material senses and reason that a supernatural realm even exists in the first place, let alone constitutes a superior reality as a frame of reference. So I feel that any accusation of moral failure for failing to perceive such is ultimately unjustified.
1. If it's true our senses are normally too unreliable (e.g. if Plantinga's EAAN is true), then I don't see how it will help if we have a group of individuals in a concerted effort to find the truth with their likewise faulty senses. I don't see how you justify the leap. It'd be like the blind leading the blind, wouldn't it?

2. As an aside, we have more than five senses. For instance, there's proprioception, nociception, thermoception, and equilibrioception (which is technically more than one sense), among others.

3. Just because we can't sense God with our normal senses doesn't mean we can never sense God.

a. For one thing, God could bypass our senses and communicate directly with our minds.

b. Also, we can sense God through sensing other things with our senses. For example, we cannot directly sense time with our senses. There is no physical organ responsible for sensing time itself in the same way there are physical organs responsible for sight, smell, taste, etc. However, we can still sense the passage of time through what we see and hear, from whence we can infer its existence.

4. On a related note, how do we know you're a person, Byron? Perhaps you're a cleverly designed android which perfectly mimics a human being. Far better than the mechas in A.I., the replicants in Blade Runner, Cameron in The Sarah Connor Chronicles, or the skin job cylons in the new BSG. We can sense your corporeal properties, but we can't directly sense your mind or consciousness. Since we can't sense such hallmarks of personhood, could we therefore justifiably assert you are not a person?

5. You say you don't believe in God because you can't sense him. But this argument is a double-edged sword. Some people say they do believe in God because they can sense him. As such, the arguments would seem to cancel one another out.

That said, the fact that you can't sense God isn't epistemically on equal footing with the fact that someone else can sense God since sensing God is a positive form of evidence for his existence while the inability to sense God is neutral on the existence or nonexistence of God.

Tuesday, June 07, 2011

D-Day for Dawkins

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kqr73wbIajc&feature=player_embedded

I got to see my first bone marrow biopsy tonight.

Tonight I got to witness my first bone marrow biopsy. My wife has been in the hospital for the last three days; her hemoglobin (?) was 5.7, and it was supposed to be 12. They called that number "critical". They gave her three or four pints of blood, just to "stabilize" her. And tonight, she had the biopsy.

Hard to believe how big that needle is. Just a local anesthetic. Maybe the adrenalin helped perk her up, because she was feeling a good bit better after the procedure.

The doctor thinks it was just some kind of viral infection.

Crossing over into camp ground

This post grows out of some correspondence I had with a couple of friends.

Traditionally, both amils and dispies have a fairly otherworldly eschatology. The final state is “heaven.”

To my knowledge, the dispy concern with the land is confined to Eretz Israel: the land-promises given to Abraham and his posterity. And that’s also confined to the Millennium. So it’s narrowly confined in time and space alike. 

But, ironically, that’s too narrow. To some extent, both time and space figure in our human identity. Where we grow up (“the land”) has a shaping effect on who we are. Territorial distinctives are part of what make people a people-group. It conditions group psychology. Accounts, in part, for regional and national characteristics. Land and culture often go together. This is underemphasize in traditional eschatology.

Of course, the Bible also has a pilgrim motif. Where God’s people are drifters and wayfarers. Refugees and exiles.

That, however, is viewed as an unnatural state. A deprivation. Something which the final state will remedy.

The Papacy is Fundamentally Dishonest

One of the things I like about this work, “How Can the Petrine Ministry Be a Service to the Unity of the Universal Church?”, is that it’s a “snapshot” of the current discussion going on in the “high-level discussions” that are taking place in conjunction with “official” Rome. It’s real-life; major theologians are discussing real issues as they really are.

This work itself is described as preliminary, but the “ecumenical discussion” has continued to meet on a regular basis, and it is noted in the preface that another “dialogue document will be published with their conclusions in the near future.”

Keep in mind that these are theologians, not “the official magisterium,” and so, we are likely to see some suggestions here that won’t be adopted.

But in that regard, it’s interesting to note the things that are agreed upon, at “high levels”, and the things that are still open for discussion.

I’ve been chastised for relying on the work of various scholars – the name Peter Lampe comes to mind, but Eamon Duffy, Raymond Brown, and “liberal” scholars (especially “liberal” Roman Catholic scholars). But I’ve already cited both a Roman Catholic insider Archbishop and a Lutheran scholar saying things that I’ve said for years. “The East never shared the Petrine theology as elaborated in the West.” There are “clear historical gaps” in the “unbroken succession” language claims of various Roman doctrinal statements. These things should no longer be in question, even for the most “enthusiastic” Roman supporters. Stories of an “sacramental priesthood” going back to Christ and the New Testament are just that – stories. Fiction. Fantasy. Make-believe. Those Roman Catholics among you who have “gone home” because of these stories need to rethink your motives.

Further, John P. Meier, a leading Catholic Biblical scholar, makes the statement, “A papacy that cannot give a credible historical account of its own origins can hardly hope to be a catalyst for unity among divided Christians.” So the implication is that, until this point, the papacy has not given a “credible historical account of its own origins.” I’ve been saying that as well.

One wants to ask, yet again, why is the infallible church in a position, after many centuries, not yet in a position to “give a credible historical account of its own origins.” The accounts that it has given are “not credible.” Not believable. Wrong. Fabrications.


“The Historical Facts Are Not Disputed”
And Herman Pottmeyer, another individual who’s been involved in these discussions for years, noted, “Anyone who wishes to come to an understanding of the papal ministry cannot avoid dealing with the history of this ministry. The historical facts are not disputed, but their theological evaluation is contentious.”

For me, there is a sense of vindication from this. Rome has been floundering over this topic. But really now, there was not a “bishop of Rome” until late in the second century. And the Eastern Orthodox never did accept the Roman understanding of the authority of the Bishop of Rome.

Those items are now “not disputed”.

On the other hand, this work gives the appearance of a kissy-faced love-fest. The fix is in.

The discussions are being held at a virtual resort center, the International Bridgettine Centre in Farfa Sabina, “located in the idyllic village of Farfa in the Mountains of Sabina, surrounded by forest clad hills, vineyards and olive groves – around one hour’s drive northeast of Rome and a similar distance from Fiumicino Airport. It is housed in buildings that are part of a massive complex that since early medieval times formed part of an important Benedictine monastery that for centuries was one of the most important monastic centres of Western history.”

So it’s a resort. Rome is wining and dining these individuals, with the hope of persuading them to “see things our way”.

The real work of this effort is the “theological evaluation” that is going on. They are talking about a “re-reception” of Vatican I. The “maximalist” interpretations of Vatican I are clearly what’s causing the ecumenical angst. Could not Vatican I be “re-interpreted” according to a hermeneutical principle that is not so offensive to our Orthodox and Protestant colleagues?

What they are doing here, is throwing out the conscious understanding of 1000 years or more of papacy. It is being “re-received”. Whatever that means.

Let’s do a thought experiment. When I say “ the historic papacy,” what do you think of? The papacy of the middle ages? Pope Leo I, with Roman Law underpinning his supposed authority? The Donation of Constantine or the “Pseudo-Isidorian falsifications of the eighth century”? Gregory VII (Hildebrand) and his dictatus papae – “the Roman church has never erred; nor will it err to all eternity, the Scripture bearing witness” – Boniface VII and his – “we declare, we proclaim, we define that it is absolutely necessary for salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman Pontiff”? The Great Schism? The Borgias and their bribery, nepotism? Vatican I, “perpetual successors”, “constant custom” and papal infallibility ex cathedra?

No, it’s time to throw all of that out. No apologies, just winks and nods all around. Have another glass of wine, my friend. It’s time to have a “re-reception” of Vatican I. Certain “maximalist” “interpretations” that “held sway” for 15 centuries really were mistaken. Not only is the history mistaken, but the theology of it, too, was misunderstood. Wrong. Fabrications.

We need to “find a way of exercising the primacy which, while in no way renouncing what is essential to its mission.” We’ve never exercised it properly. We don’t yet know what’s “essential to its mission.” We need to have ecumenical symposia to find these things.

What we are seeing is the new modus operandi of Rome as described by Raymond Brown: “Past statements are not rejected but are requoted with praise and then reinterpreted at the same time.”

Once more with gusto: “Let’s get it right this time guys.”

Monday, June 06, 2011

Gravitas of gravidas

A few articles on abortion for your perusal:

A fallible collection of fallible books


Catholic epologists are fond of quoting John Gerstner’s adage, popularized by his famous protégé, R. C. Sproul, that the Bible is a fallible collection of infallible books. Catholic epologists then contrast this with the alleged Catholic alternative:

The Catholic canon of Scripture is an infallible collection of infallible books.

But there are two basic problems with that alternative:

i) Gerstner’s formulation overlooks the degree of cross-attestation in Scripture. Hence, to say the Bible is a fallible collection of infallible books is a deeply misleading statement.

ii) Conversely, the Catholic alternative is a false dichotomy, for what the church of Rome actually gives us is not an infallible collection of infallible books. Rather, it gives us a fallible collection of fallible books.

a) Since Trent was not actually infallible, the Tridentine canon is not infallible. Indeed, it’s not even inerrant. Rather, it’s both fallible and errant.

b) Moreover, the apocrypha are not infallible. Rather, they are both fallible and errant.

c) Furthermore, even if we bracket the apocrypha, Vatican II gave up on the plenary inspiration of Scripture. In fact, this generates a paradoxical dilemma:

Assuming, for the sake of argument, that Trent and Vatican II were both infallible, what they give us is, at best, an infallible collection of fallible books! 

God's canon


John Hendryx, of Monergism.com, has published a free, downloadable ebook of my collected essays on the canon of Scripture. You can find it here:

http://www.monergism.com/thethreshold/articles/onsite/free-ebooks.html 

Sunday, June 05, 2011

Discovering Jesus - Review


Discovering Jesus: Why Four Gospels to Portray One Person? by T. D. Alexander
Reviewed by Paul Manata

Discovering Jesus: Why Four Gospels to Portray One Person?, T. D. Alexander, Crossway, 2010, 141 pages.


In this helpful book - which manages to package an ambitious goal with a wide scope in a slim package - T. Desmond Alexander, the regarded biblical theology scholar, presents the one Jesus introduced in four different Gospels. This book would be most helpful for a new or young Christian or someone undertaking their first study of the Gospels. I believe that after reading this book one will be better prepared to approach the Gospels and understand the basic message of each. Discovering Jesus gives the reader a couple of main themes each Gospel employes and that appear to drive or motivate the Jesus presented in that Gospel. These themes are based on history, though, and are not theological "agendas" produced by the early church to gain the upper-hand in an early battle for religious power. However, all of this is done in a very introductory manner, making it ideal for the beginning Christian or Bible student (though no doubt more well-read students of the Bible could stand to profit from some of the insights). Here's a short overview of the book

Chapter one gives a brief overview of the Gospels. Briefly, similarities and differences between the synoptic gospels are presented — often aided by helpful charts and images — and then John's Gospel and its differences with all the synoptics is covered. The conclusion is that the Gospels all share the same goal — to present the good news of Jesus Christ, and while they do so with different perspectives, these perspectives are also complementary, all combining to give as a well-rounded picture of the most unique individual who has ever lived.

Capter two presents common themes in the Gospels, these are: (1) fulfillment on Scripture, (2) the kingdom of God, (3) hostility, (4) centrality of the passions, (5) salvation and the gentiles, and (6) the importance of faith. These themes are seen to greater or lesser extent in each Gospel, but some authors focus more heavily on some than others. Probably the most important or central theme is (4), which is why the Gospels have sometimes been referred to as "passion narratives with extended introductions."

Chapter three and four focus on Mark's gospel. In approaching Mark, Alexander ever-so-briefly covers introductory issues like authorship and dating. He then presents some of the main themes that can be distilled from Mark. He finds that Mark focuses heavily on the theme of "Jesus as the son of God who suffers to ransom others," and secondly the notion of discipleship, which is tied together with the first theme in that disciples follow Jesus in the way of the cross.

Chapter five and six focus on Matthew's gospel. He offers the same kinds of introductory remarks on authorship and dating as he did with Mark and then looks at key Matthean themes. The first theme is the theme of conflict. He notes Matthew is keen to point this out and especially focuses on the conflict between Jesus and the Jewish leadership, which is interesting since Matthew's is the most "Jewish" of the Gospels. The second theme, in keeping with the Jewishness of the Gospel, is the idea that Jesus is King, a King who descended from David. Jesus is the son of David, the divinely promised Messiah who inaugurates the kingdom of heaven.

Chapters seven and eight turn to Luke's Gospel. As with the above, similar introductory remarks are made. After these comments, Alexander turns to the first major theme found in Luke, i.e., the Holy Spirit. He points out how Luke is especially interested in the Holy Spirit, more so than the other Gospels. A second theme pointed out in the Holy Spirit chapter is that of prayer. The next chapter looks at Luke's theme of Jesus as the one who comes to seek and save the lost. Alexander points out how Luke addresses this notion of "finding the lost" more than the other evangelists. Salvation is a major factor, especially the salvation of those of a lowly social status as well as gentiles. Luke presents Jesus as the savior of the world to seek the lost. The last chapter briefly ends with the theme of joy and happiness, the appropriate reaction of those who have been saved.

Chapters nine and ten approach the final Gospel, John's. Similar introductory comments on authorship, dating, and structure are made. The first theme is that of believing (though John's Gospel is "too rich" to really find themes to encapsulate his ideas). He notes John clearly encourages and wants his readers to believe, "psiteuo" (to believe) occurs ninety-eight times, over 1/4 of all occurrences in the New Testament. The next theme is that of the new exodus. Alexander describes how John seeks to make comparisons between Jesus and the book of Exodus. There are several similarities here, from the "signs" intended to induce belief, to the "I am" statements, to the passover, and to the leading of the covenant people out of slavery and into new life. So jesus is presented as the Lamb of God who brings eternal life through a new exodus.

Chapter eleven briefly looks at the composition of the Gospels, covering the "synoptic problem," i.e., how do we account for the similarity between them, which Gospel has priority, and Alexander seems to come down on the side of Markan priority. Alexander then turns to different ideas about the Gospels, whether they are biographies, proclamations, distinctive theologies, or stories. While these views have their problems, especially the last three, there is some truth to all of them. However, the main thing to keep in mind is that history underwrites the story. The good news is rooted in history, and unintelligible apart from it.

The last chapter (twelve) is a review and final observations. The final observations are to grasp the full significance and weight of words like "Jesus is Lord and savior," and to recognize that Jesus is more than a mere man, he's the God-man, "the most unique and incredible 'man' who ever lived and continues to live."

Alexander also includes a helpful biography for "further reading" so that you can take the basic foundation he's laid and expand on it.

All-in-all, this is a helpful book. It is introductory, and several issues are not discussed, or if they are, only briefly. Issues such as seeming "contradictions" or "inconsistencies" between the gospels are not even mentioned, though one might get the idea that they would be given the topic of the book and prior knowledge of questions that are asked of the "differing Gospels." Thus this book isn't very helpful for apologetic issues, though there may be some slight relevance to those discussions to be found, but those issues are really too minimally covered. If this is kept in mind and expectations are in-line with the topic of the book — finding key themes of the Gospels — readers, especially beginning students, should profit from this little book. It can inaugurate or give direction to your studies of Jesus. As Darrell Bock says on the back cover, "Discovering Jesus will get you well-oriented and open up a lifetime of reflection about Jesus."

Foreknowing ≠ Controlling, So Foreknowledge isn't a Threat to Freedom

The title encapsulates one objection to the idea that God's foreknowledge rules out human libertarian freedom. When Arminians make the claim that Calvinism's God rules out human freedom, one response is to point out that if the Arminian wishes to maintain classical Christianity's teaching that God foreknows the future actions of his human creatures, this likewise rules out freedom.

One popular response is to sidestep the objection with the enthymematic zinger, "Just because God foreknows that X doesn't mean he causes or controls that X." The SEA explains the comeback as good as any when they write, "Simply knowing for sure that a person will freely do something is not enough for God to control the world. This is because foreknowledge of an event does not imply direct influence or omnicausality or absolute determination, but merely knows what other wills are doing. In other words, foreknowledge doesn't mean absolute determination."

This response utterly misses the point. This post aims to put it to rest, hoping that it doesn't pop up in Calvinist comboxes anymore. The first issue, as Edwards said so long ago, is that the foreknowledge argument isn't intended to make the point that foreknowledge makes future human actions necessary, it is intended to show that they are. The second issue is this: freedom crucially rests on the notion of control. It seems intuitive that if you are not in control of your actions, then you are not free. Theological compatibilists (those who believe libertarian free will is compatible with God's foreknowledge) seem to think that the only way you can not be in control of your actions is if someone or something else controls you. Thus, they reason (as we saw above) that since God's foreknowledge doesn't "control" humans, then the foreknowledge argument doesn't show that humans don't have libertarian freedom. But this is to assume that the only way to lack control is if someone or something else controls you. However, this isn't so. Consider the case of being out of control. This could occur even, or especially (!), in a totally random, accidental world. In this case, nothing outside you would be controlling you; however, you would be out of control. The foreknowledge argument intends to show that your future actions are out of your control. This doesn't logically imply that foreknowledge argument is trying to show that your actions are controlled. See the difference? And the only thing the theological fatalist (as the position is known in the literature) needs to rule out libertarian freedom is that you not be in ultimate control of your actions. This can occur whether or not your actions are controlled by another person or thing.

Can we move on now?

John Reumann best states the problem

The Farfa Project
“The Petrine ministry has been at the center of the modern ecumenical discussion, for it concerns the very question of the unity of the church. The International Bridgettine Centre in Farfa Sabina has seriously undertaken a study of the theological, historical, and dogmatic issues that underlie the issues of Christian unity dealing with the role of unity as exercised by the Bishop of Rome.

“This current work represents only part of the work that the Centre has been engaged in during these past ten years. The texts published in this volume give a ‘snapshot’ of the situation when they were presented during the series of colloquia, study groups, and consultations that have taken place. Therefore there has been no attempt to update the bibliographical information. It is important to note that the work is still ‘a work-in-progress.’”.

This is from the Preface of How Can the Petrine Ministry Be a Service to the Unity of the Universal Church? James F. Puglisi, Editor, Grand Rapids, MI and Cambridge, U.K.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, ©2010, pgs. 49-78.

It is a work described as “twenty-one forward-looking essays on the papal office by an assortment of theologians, canonists, ecumenists, ecclesiologists, sociologists, and Scripture experts from diverse backgrounds, including Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican, Lutheran, Methodist, and Reformed [review here]. They examine the conditions under which the papacy might one day be re-received by Christian church bodies worldwide—not as an autocratic monarchy, but, rather, as the unifying agency for a diverse yet cohesive universal church” (from the Back Cover).

John Reumann, the Ministerium of Pennsylvania Professor Emeritus of New Testament and Greek at The Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia (LTSP), defines the problem as well as any that I’ve seen:
Biblical and patristic studies make clear that historically a gap occurs at the point where it has been claimed “the apostles were careful to appoint successors in” what is called “this hierarchically constituted society,” specifically “those who were made bishops by the apostles . . .,” an episcopate with an “unbroken succession going back to the beginning.” [64] For that, evidence is lacking, quite apart from the problem that the monepiscopacy replaced presbyterial governance in Rome only in the mid-or late second century.[65] It has been noted above how recent treatments conclude that in the New Testament no successor for Peter is indicated.
They not only “suggest” or “posit that” “no successor for Peter is indicated”, but rather, they “conclude” this. The footnotes clarify:

64. Lumen gentium 20 (Flannery trans., Vatican Council II [Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1975], pp. 371-372; Abbot trans., Documents of Vatican II [New York: Guild Press, America Press, Association Press], pp. 39-40, “the episcopate in a sequence running back to the beginning”). Cited are Iren. Adv. Haer. 3,3,1 = PG 7:848; Tertullian, Praescr. Haer. 32 = PL 2:52f., and Ignatius of Antioch passim.

65. Gnilka 2002, p. 225. Ignatius had no “succession; bishop and presbyter correspond to Christ and apostles, not successors to the apostles (p. 223); the “succession lists” in Rome were of presbyters and bishops (pp. 242-50). (Referring to Gnilka, Joachim. Petrus und Rom. Das Petrusbild in den ersten zwei Jahrhunderten. Freiburg/Basel/Wien: Herder, 2002).

In short, there is a basic conflict between the actual history of the period, and what is claimed in official dogmatic statements of Vatican II. (Much less the discrepancies with Vatican I). This is a major difficulty and embarrassment for the “infallible Magisterium”. I am grateful that it is being discussed publicly, by major theologians.

This work is described as “a rare glimpse into a high-level discussion that should be appreciated by anyone interested in the future of the ‘one, holy, catholic, and apostolic church.’” Reuman and the other writers (and I’ll try to provide selections in the coming days) are taking as their starting point the disjunction between the historical evidence and the doctrinal statements. It is unfortunate, however, that these individuals are writing in order to find some kind of theological justification for a “petrine ministry.”

Carl Trueman was partially correct. Not only do we need a “thoughtful confessional book” on Roman Catholicism; but we need to have evangelical and confessionally-minded Christians involved in these types of discussions at the highest levels. Those who are prone to remembering that the papacy has very recently been called “antichrist” and who are open to suggesting, not that the papacy be “reformed,” but that it be consigned to the ash heap of history.

“The Ash Heap of History”

In 1982, Ronald Reagan spoke before the British Parliament, and he used this memorable phrase: “What I’m describing now is a plan and a hope for the long term, the march for freedom and democracy which will leave Marxism and Leninism on the ash heap of history …”



For those of us who are old enough to remember growing up in the 1960’s and 1970’s, “end of the world” scenarios did not seem far-fetched, with the prospect of thousands of Soviet warheads aimed at our country.

It was hard at that time to imagine that there would be peace between east and west, much less that this “evil empire,” which had been the focus of our struggles in our lifetimes, would be consigned to “the ash heap of history”. But there it went.