“The term [apokatastasis] is found in Justin Martyr and Irenaeus and developed into a doctrine of universal salvation by Origin. Origen was condemned by a synod in Constantinople…the general concept of a final apokatastasis is, however, found in Gregory of Nyssa and persists in a modified form in Byzantine theology, notably in Maximus the Confessor. It recurs in Modern Russian thinkers such as Solovyov, Bulgakov, and Berdiaev,” The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity, 36.
As the implacable opponents of Eunomius, the Cappadocians were nevertheless dependent on Origen both for their biblical learning in the succession of his Hexapla and for their speculative thought; that becomes evident above all in the formulation of the doctrine of apokatastasis put forward by Gregory of Nyssa, which was spared the official condemnation visited upon Origen’s doctrines,” ibid. 482.
"Hell exists as a final possibility, but several of the Fathers have none the less believed that in the end all will be reconciled to God. It is heretical to say that all must be saved, for this is to deny free will; but it is legitimate to hope that all may be saved. Until the Last Day comes, we must not despair of anyone’s salvation, but must long and pray for the reconciliation of all without exception. No one must be excluded from our loving intercession. ‘What is a merciful heart?’ asked Isaac the Syrian. ‘It is a heart that burns with love for the whole of creation, for men, for the birds, for the beasts, for the demons, for all creatures’ (Mystic Treatises, edited by A. J. Wensinck, Amsterdam, 1923, p. 341). Gregory of Nyssa said that Christians may legitimately hope even for the redemption of the Devil."
http://orthodoxeurope.org/page/11/1/6.aspx
Off topic and I know you've probably covered this before, but...
ReplyDeletehttp://www.reclaimingthemind.org/blog/2007/08/02/a-primer-on-the-problem-of-evil/#comment-9830
As to your post...
ReplyDeleteYet another reason not to enslave one's exegesis of Scripture to the church fathers. Good post.
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Steve--
ReplyDeleteI finally have a reply up to your last response. Check my blog if you get a chance; but if you simply don't want to continue the conversation that's fine too.
Scripture is quite clear that not all men will be saved, so to hope for such is both foolish (insofar as it is a hope without foundation) and opposing the will of God.
ReplyDeleteAnd, of course, God does not "lose" if some go to hell. This was an idea my neo-neo-Orthodox professor in college constantly put forward. But, in fact, He wins victory over the rebels and justly punishes them.
Apparently an ArchBishop thought as much back in Edwards time:
ReplyDelete2. The doctrine of those who teach that it is not certain that God will fulfill those absolute threatenings, is blasphemous another way, and that is, as God, according to their supposition, was obliged to make use of a fallacy to govern the world. They own that it is needful that men should apprehend themselves liable to an eternal punishment, that they might thereby be restrained from sin, and that God has threatened such a punishment, for the very end that they might believe themselves exposed to it. But what an unworthy opinion does this convey of God and his government, of his infinite majesty, and wisdom, and all-sufficiency! — Beside, they suppose that though God has made use of such a fallacy, yet it is not such an one but that they have detected him in it. Though God intended men should believe it to be certain that sinners are liable to an eternal punishment, yet they suppose that they have been so cunning as to find out that it is not certain. And so that God had not laid his design so deep, but that such cunning men as they can discern the cheat and defeat the design, because they have found out that there is no necessary connection between the threatening of eternal punishment, and the execution of that threatening.
Considering these things, is it not greatly to be wondered at, that Archbishop Tillotson, who has made so great a figure among the new-fashioned divines, should advance such an opinion as this?
The Eternity of Hell’s Torments.
A Sermon Preached in April, 1739
By Jonathan Edwards, A.M.
Pastor of the Church of Christ in Northampton.
It is worth noting that the concept of 'restoration of all things' itself isn't specifically Christian, nor that it is restricted to theologian's debates. Indeed, it forms that basis of a spiritual movement that appeared in France in the mid 1700s under the influence of Martines de Pasqually and Louis-Claude de Saint Martin. There are other famous proponents of the finality of Hell, such as Pico della Mirandola who asked, in substance, if a sin is finite in time, shouldn't the retribution be finite too?
ReplyDeleteBut there are many inherent problems to be ironed out if one considers eternity of Hell and the perspective of a Judgement Day, just to pick two...
I discuss these branches of 'apokatastasis' as well as neoplatonist ones on my blog (at http://www.apokatastasis.org/).